Lab 10.3: Titration+ Colligative Properties

• When measuring the concentration of base (NaOH) there was not much difference in the readings of each sample. This wasnt surprising since we were doing the same procedure with the same material three times.Some possible errors that may have caused differences in the values are not reading the graduated cilinder to an exact decimal amount or not reading the value at the exact time of post-neutralization (8 pH). To fix this you can have more then one person observe at the same time as you to catch the right value right at nuetralization and also have a graduated cylinder with more measurement marks for a more precise measure rather then geuss the value between two lines.
• Antifreeze is an important for your engine in different climates. When the temperature gets cold we need something that has a lower freezing points to still finction in cold weather. Antifreeze has chemicals that will remove the access metal and other substances from your car engine, without freezing in the pipes of the engine. By having molecules that can be dissolved into ions and are soluble in water in the antifreeze, the freezing point is lowered because of the energy transfers. In order for water to freeze, a set ratio of water molecules needs to form a specific crystal  If extra ions are in the water, the polar ends of water molecules will attract to these ions more so than they will with other water molecules. Therefor the antifreeze will not freeze the pipes within your car while in use. The opposite happens when it is really hot out. When the temp may be above the boiling point of water the extra ions increase the boiling point because the attractions are stronger than standerd hydrogen bonds between water molecules. So with stronger bonds between molecules, the more energy will be need to break them apart meaning a higher boiling point. Antifreeze is needed in order to raise the boiling point of the water above the temperature surronding it so that the water solution created stays a liquid and allows your car to function.
  
• Enrichment: Ice cream.
  The dissolved sugar, by getting in the way of the molecules that bond together to form ice crystals lowering the freezing point of the cream. This is why the cream solution will not freeze at the same temperature that water freezes. When the temperature of the cream gets low enough the water molecules have slowed down enough thso now their attraction becomes stronger than the disruptive influence of the sugar. For the temperature of the cream to get low enough  they crystallize, the water molecules are removed from the solution which means the remaining solution gets more concentrated with sugar so its freezing point is even lowered further.