Lab 4.1: Having fun with air pressure

1) When there is a decrease in pressure the volume of the balloon to increase due to the fact that there is less air pressure. The molecules inside of the balloon spread out to match the pressure outside the balloon cause the balloons volume (size) to increase.

2) If and when you add more gas to a bottle the pressure will increase inside with less room the molecules will collide with each other more creating higher pressure.

3) As the volume of a cylinder increases the pressure will increase in order to keep the pressure inside the cylinder equal to the outside pressure the same before the volume increased.

4) Increasing the pressure in a tire due to adding more gas, will cause the volume to increase because the tire expands in order to match the pressure outside the tire.

5) As the temperature of a closed container of water is increased the amount of water vapor above the water causes an increase in vapor pressure. The higher the temperature, the more water that will be vaporized which means there will be more gas molecule collisions meaing air pressure increases inside the container.

6) As the air pressure above a liquid is increased by adding more air, the boiling point of the liquid will increase because as the pressure increases the boiling point increases relatively to the pressure. This is because with a higher pressure it is harder for the molecules to separate with less room and become a gas.

7) If a balloon filled with air is taken under water its volume will decrease because there is higher pressure below the water the balloon will get smaller to match the outside pressure. Providing less room inside the balloon allows more collisions increasing the pressure inside the balloon to match the outside.

8) The temperature of a beaker of boiling water will remain the same as more heat is added because as it boils it remains the same temperature breaking the bonds of the molecules to create gas.

9) Hot air rises because it is less dense with the cool air around it. More energy = less dense and less dense = more it will rise.

10) When heated, the volume occupied by air in a balloon will increase because the more and more molecules there are inside of that balloon collides creating higher pressure causing the balloon expand more / have a higher volume.

Enrichment:
In the picture of the tanker car, it was sunk in due to the air pressure difference. As you flush the tank out with hot water, it caused more water vapor due to the temperature of the water. As the water vapor temperature  decreased, the water vapor went from a gas to a liquid. When water vapor pressure became nonexistent and all was left was water making pressure considerably different causing a vacuum effect. The air pressure outside of the tank was able to crush it due to a higher air pressure outside the tank.

Lab 3.1: Properties of Ionic and Covelant Compounds

1.The common properties of ionic compounds are that they are hard, have a high melting/boiling point and no conductivity except when dissolved.
 

2.The common properties of covalent compounds are that they are soft and some brittle, low melting/boiling points, some dissolve and some don't and don't conduct electricity.

3. Ionic compounds are between metals and non-metals. During this form of bonding the valence electrons are taken from the metals to form a stable octet for both metal and non-metal.

4. Covalent compounds are between non-metals and non-metals who share electrons to form a stable octet neither strong enough to pull the valance electrons away from each other.

5.No matter what, broken up or in a compound, the covalent bonds lack any charge because technically they're not losing or gaining any electrons(because they are both nonmetals) so they do not have a charge.

6.When ionic bonds are broken in a solution it contains ions which gives them an electrical charge but when you compare it to a solid, it's the complete opposite. then the elements still have charges because one element had to lose electrons and one had to gain giving the individual particles a charge, making them conduct electricity

Enrichment:

Electrolytes means that an ion is electrically charged. Electrolytes is used to maintain voltages across the cell through cell membrane to other cells leading to messages towards the brain and muscles.You loose electrolytes in your sweat, in order to maintain this energy you can replaced these lost electrolytes through drinks like Gatorade. Sugar is also used for extra energy but is mostly used to make the drinks taste better.The electrolyte substance usually used by your body is potassium and sodium you must replace these electrolytes in order to keep you body constant.

Lab 2-2: Bag of Ions and Periodic Table Chem Crunch

The periodic table is cleverly arranged to make finding and your elements easy. The biggest categories of elements are separated into periods and groups.Within the period in groups the organization sorts elements by number of valance electrons, mass number, number of shells each element has and increasing electron configuration.

1. Ions and atoms have the same number of protons and neutrons.

2. The difference of atoms and ions of the same element are the electron configuration and number of valence electrons.

3. Ions form from atoms gaining or loosing electrons to create a stable octet of 8 electrons.

4. You can determine whether the atom will gain or loose electrons from its position on the periodic table.If the atom is on the right side of the table a metal has a positive charge explaining its electric conductivity is lose an electron. On the left side of the table the non- metals are gain electrons and the metalloids gain or lose electrons. This all creates an outer shell of 8 electrons a stable octet.

Lab 2-1: Groupings of Elements

1.) There was no way to group the elements into smaller groups so i grouped them into two larger groups of metals and nonmetals and in some cases one small group of metalloids.This were they were all alike in the overall categories.The metals were aluminum, lead, zinc, and phosphrus.The non-metals were sulfur, and carbon and the metalliod was silicon.

2.) Four tests were used on each element appearance, electrical conductivity, crush test, and reactivity with acid. Appearance is a physical property as you examine the object you can see it and feel it.Electrical conductivity is a physical property. A chemical property involves a change that occurs. However, when electricity passes through an object or substance, no change occurs.The crush test also is a physical property to test if the element is malleable or brittle being a physical property because its only examining its physical traits.Lastly reactivity with acid. This is defiantly a chemical change showing the a new product formed between the chemical reaction of the element with the acid.

3.)

a. Metalloids share both characteristics of metals and non-metals.

b. Silicon (Si).

c. Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Geranium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te), and Polonium (Po).

4.)

a. In terms of metallic characteristics of elements as you proceed from the left of the table to the right the elements become less metallic.

b. As you look horizontally for metallic characteristics of elements you spot more metallic elements in the bottom rows.

Enrichment:

One element who has symbol unlike its name is Gold (Au)- Gold is Au because its Latin root is Aurum, which explains the “A” and the “u”.

Lab 1-4: Physical and Chemical Changes

In this lab "Physical and Chemical Changes" we developed a method to determine what kind of change has taken place, physical or chemical. During a physical change you do not alter the composition of the material, instead it changes the materials "physical" appearance and properties. To find evidence of a physical change you can ask yourself "Did the substance change or just its appearance?" For example when you chop wood you are cutting it into smaller pieces but it still is wood. A Chemical change is when you change the composition or "chemical make up" of a substance.In the lab a specific example is seen when you mixed silver nitrate with the copper wire and it turned black.Evidence of a chemical change is when you ask yourself "Is this a new substance and can you reverse it?" this is put in play when you burn a piece of paper and the ash is the new substance that shows the chemical change there's no changing the ash back to paper :).When i am stuck "in a scenario" i refer to my text book or chemistry notes.When polyacrylate and water are put together in the lab it is turned into ice crystals, a chemical change(changes form).

Enrichment:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKoB0MHVBvM

This is a classic chemical reaction between the diet coke and mentos which make the bottle explode with carbon dioxide bubbles :D

Lab 1-3: Seperation of a mixture

In this lab "Separation of a mixture" you begin by mixing sand, salt, and iron filings with a total mass close to 50 grams. Next you need to make a procedure to separate the mixture with a purpose of "determining" the amounts of components withing the mixture. To separate the homogeneous mixture my group began to separate the iron using a magnet to pull the filings out of the mixture. After we measure its mass we then add water to the remaining mixture. We mixed the water thoroughly with the salt and sand so the salt would dissolve leaving only the sand to be filtered through. Using the filter paper we then separate the sand and measure its mass. Lastly we placed the beaker filled with the remaining mixture on a hotplate this caused the water to evaporate leaving only salt behind that you then scrape from the beaker to measure its mass.

1.Mass's required through this experiment may be different then beginning mass measured. This can be because during the separation some amounts of sand was picked up with the iron filings with the magnet or when straining the sand some salt was left behind this can change measurements. 
2.To make separations more accurate we could have done required processes twice, using the magnet and and filter the sand from saltwater a second time.
3.The final answers required was rounded to three digits, this is because the beginning mass we measured contained three digits.

In relation with class topics and discussions this lab help establish an understanding of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. How the salt and water bonded and could only be separated by heat from the hot plate demonstrate a homogeneous mixture. The rest of the mixture that could be separated by a magnet or filter paper show a heterogeneous mixture and how the particles do not attract making it easier to separate them from the mixture.
 

Lab 1-2: Indirect Measurement

In this lab indirect measurement is used to find the diameters and thickness of aluminum foil and copper wire. To determine these values the volume is calculated after finding the mass and density of your object. Mass is found by weighing the copper wire and aluminum foil on a scale and then using its density located in Table S of the reference tables. With these two values i then can use the formula resulting in volume.The volume is crucial to finding the thickness or diameter with the help of length and width. When calculating the thickness of the regular aluminum foil the mass was weighed to about 1.46g this divided by aluminum's density of 2.98g/cm3 equals your volume.Using the resulting volume of .541cm3 you then measures the length and width and the plug the values into the formula V= L x W x Thickness. You then solve for T, the thickness comes out to be .0013cm. You repeat these sames steps for the heavy aluminum foil with different measurements the thickness resulted in .0023cm. The Copper wire uses the same steps for volume but substitutes different values for density and mass pertaining to the copper wire. After measuring the length the copper wires volume .035cm3 and length is then substituted in the formula for the volume of a cylinder. After you solve for "r" (radius) your must multiply this answer by two to get your diameter .064cm. Some methods of indirect measurement are better then others depending on your object. For example the thickness and diameter was to small to measure with a ruler or water displacement so you used indirect measurement of volume.

When calculating the actual thickness of the foil you may end up with a bunch of decimals, this may be a result that is good or bad. The decimals give you a more precise measurement of thickness but also with more numbers you have a higher chance of error. Some sources error may come from rounding values like length to the nearest tenth. A scale is also sometimes imprecise in its measurements and these calculations alter you volume and diameter. Indirect measurement is better for things not used industrially like buildings or bridges that call for exact measurements for stability in structure. Indirect measurement is for purposes when you don't need something precise. An example is if you want to store something in jars and you don't know the jars diameter indirect measurement can be used to find its measurement through volume of a cylinder formula.

Lab 1-1: Properties of Green Stuff

The procedure pertaining to this lab "Properties of Green Stuff" include two beakers, one filled with 25ml of water and the other to hold the copper (II) chloride. After recording your observations of the dry copper (II) chloride you pour your 25 ml of water into the beaker holding the "green stuff". After stirring the mixture completely make observations of the finished product. Next using the eye dropper place a few drops of this mixture onto the given aluminum foil. After observing the reaction tear the foil into pieces and place it into your mixture. When finished making observations you dispose of your mixture and properly put away you equipments used for the experiment.

Determining whether the properties of the "green stuff" is physical or chemical can be simply stated. A physical change changes the appearance of the substance which can commonly be observed through our senses. A chemical change changes the composition of the substance when it interacts with another substance. For example the copper (II) chloride before mixing it with water was brown, when it touched water the copper (II) chloride turned green ergo "green stuff" this is a physical change. When the "green stuff" was completely mixed with water the mixture caused a chemical reaction turning to copper when reaching the aluminum foil is a change in composition.

In the this lab the water was the liquid the copper (II) chloride was the solid and the reaction of the mixture on aluminum foil was the gas. Solids are compacted particles with little space between like the "green stuff" the liquid (water) has moving particles only confined by its container its kept in. The mixture of these cause an reaction on aluminum causing a gas to rise(spaced out bustling particles in a random state of motion). In class we are learning the different states, properties, and types of matter. This experiment demonstrates this through the different substances used through this lab and its changes. One question was why did the substance change green and the water is blue?